Narrative Structure in A Farewell to Arms Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Account Structure in A Farewell to Arms - Essay Example Despite the fact that the feelings of the story have a passionate profundity and multifaceted nature of soul, the language that is utilized all through the novel is that of oversimplified sentence structures and short, pointed sentences that push the story ahead. Utilizing aptitudes that mirror his capacity to develop a multifaceted nature of feeling, Hemingway additionally gives the male point of view, the utilization of language intended to mirror the manner by which a male encounters his story. The account style in the novel by Hemmingway depends on strains that are set at spans with the goal that the peruser is pulled starting with one end then onto the next through styles and themes that other starting with one outrageous then onto the next. For instance, the discourse will run until a specific point has been accomplished, and afterward will be stood out from a functioning component, the differentiation giving an account structure that gives the structure of pressure through sce nes of disclosure that place setting into the activity of the work. The development all through the work is practiced in this to and fro differentiate through topics, account styles, and the advancement of the manners by which these differences build up the passionate gather up accommodates a speed that helps the peruser through the novel.

Distribution Channels and Strategies Research Paper

Circulation Channels and Strategies - Research Paper Example Coordinations oversee and administer different flexibly works. A few exercises structure a piece of coordinations, for example, material taking care of and warehousing, stock administration, armada and transportation the board and has of different exercises. Coordinations bottleneck anytime may influence and strangulate the free development of merchandise and in this sense, proficient and functional coordinations is basic and important to keep dissemination channel overflowed with the products in order to support buyer on schedule. Geographic area and region of inclusion affects the determination of dissemination channels. Littler the region, less individuals in channel conveyance can fill the need; be that as it may, as domain goes bigger and separations increment, it gets important to have progressively middle of the road channel individuals for the productive progression of merchandise. This additionally relies on the idea of item that how quick the item is being expended or wheth er it is transient kind. The dissemination channel would require more channel individuals alongside appropriate coordinations if the products are quick moving and should be recharged in shorter term with the goal that channel doesn't go dry ever. Answer 2 There are two sorts of limited time systems in promoting the board and they are known as push and pull sorts of methodologies to upgrade deals of item or administrations. Push technique utilizes almost no or no promoting to get the items in the hands of buyer. In a push system, the organization conveys their business power and heaps of exchange limited time means and approaches to make interest for its item. Public exhibitions are most reasonable spots to promote the item to the purchaser. Push system is acceptable when item is new and loathes any brand dedication; the market is overwhelmed with many substitute items. Push methodology is additionally acceptable when rash and impromptu purchasing is very common in the given item cla ssification. Push technique additionally functions admirably when customer is very much aware about the item. Dish washing cleansers and other low-esteem items are genuine instances of push methodology. A push methodology is utilized to sell the items or administrations straightforwardly to the clients bypassing whole conveyance channel. As needs be, push system is very much utilized in selling protection items as well. The quality of pull system is that it is coordinated toward buyers utilizing a great deal of special endeavors, for example, coupons, free examples, and challenges. Indeed, pull methodology depends on high spending on ad and limited time intends to make high buyer request. Pull technique works most ideal when it is to separate the item with high brand dependability in the picked field. As a rule, purchaser association is likewise high in this classification of items. The best model that can be given for pull technique is the advertising endeavors put by Proctor and G amble in the promoting of individual consideration items, for example, creams, shampoos, moisturizers, sterile napkins by giving free examples and coupons. Answer 3 ‘Noise’ can be characterized as when too many promoting messages show up in the commercial center with respect to an item confounding the purchasers to settle on their purchasing choices. Purchasers end these messages as 'commotion' since they don't get any dependable and significant data vital for their purchasing choices. It is critical to distinguish the circumstance that what is being passed on in the commercial center and how truly shoppers take these messages. Any further informing in the comparative line won't develop any positive outcomes

Medication to Treat Claustrophobia While Traveling

Medication to Treat Claustrophobia While Traveling Phobias Print Medication to Treat Claustrophobia While Traveling By Lisa Fritscher Lisa Fritscher is a freelance writer and editor with a deep interest in phobias and other mental health topics. Learn about our editorial policy Lisa Fritscher Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Daniel B. Block, MD on January 24, 2020 twitter linkedin Daniel B. Block, MD, is an award-winning, board-certified psychiatrist who operates a private practice in Pennsylvania. Learn about our Medical Review Board Daniel B. Block, MD on January 24, 2020 Guido Mieth/Getty Images More in Phobias Causes Symptoms and Diagnosis Treatment Types Claustrophobia  can be particularly difficult to manage while traveling,  but medication and other coping techniques can  help. While for most people taking a vacation is one of life’s simple pleasures, if you suffer from phobias, an upcoming trip might  be fraught with anxiety rather than anticipation. After all, traveling goes hand in hand with  being confined to cars, buses, trains, and airplanes. Use these tips to manage your fears. Overcoming Triggers While Traveling Flying: Air travel can be difficult if you have claustrophobia. To make yourself feel more comfortable, accommodate your fear by making smart choices. For example, if you have a fear of heights (acrophobia), choose an aisle seat. If you have a fear of being stuck on the plane, choose a seat towards the front so you can disembark quickly. Anti-anxiety medications may help. Survival Strategies for Claustrophobia and Flying Driving: If you have claustrophobia, long road trips can be uncomfortable. Nonetheless, driving gives you the opportunity to stop and get out of the car when needed. Taking frequent stretch breaks, dividing long drives into shorter segments and carefully choosing your traveling companions can help you relax while on the road. Tips for Surviving a Road Trip With Claustrophobia Train travel: Although the Golden Age of the railroad is long gone in the United States, it is still a primary mode of transport, especially for those with aviophobia, a fear of flying. Train travel affords many luxuries to accommodate your fear that flights do not, including more legroom, larger seats, and the ability to walk around at will. On a cruise ship: If you have claustrophobia, you might worry about being confined in the small cabins on a ship. However, modern ships are virtual floating cities, filled with an endless array of both active and sedentary pursuits and a great deal of open space. Choosing a comfortable cabin and learning your way around the ship are the  keys to avoiding claustrophobia at sea. Bus travel: Many people rely on long-distance bus companies for a low-cost alternative to flights or trains. However, buses can be quite challenging for those who suffer from phobias. Small seats, minimal leg room and the prospect of spending hours in close contact with strangers are among the challenges of bus travel. Traveling on less popular routes and at odd times can help you cope with a long-distance bus ride. Medication Before embarking on a long trip, see your doctor or therapist for guidance. Even if you do not normally take medications for your claustrophobia, your doctor may prescribe a low dose of anti-anxiety medication for you to take during the trip. Pay close attention to your doctors instructions, as you may need to start taking pills several days before you travel, avoid alcohol, or follow other procedures. Other Coping Methods A health professional can offer much more than medication to help alleviate your irrational reaction. She can teach you guided visualization and other relaxation techniques to use while in your seat  and can help you prevent a possible panic attack. Be sure to practice your new skills before your trip, as some exercises take several days to master. Visualization Techniques to Manage Your Symptoms If possible, travel with a supportive friend or relative. He  can talk you down, help you work through a relaxation exercise, or simply keep you distracted during the trip. Your companion can also manage details such as checking luggage, which you may be too nervous to feel comfortable handling. Claustrophobia can impact travel in a variety of ways. With a bit of advance planning, however, there is no reason that your claustrophobia should prevent you from seeing the world.

White Privilege in America Essay - 710 Words

What is privilege? What does it mean? Is privilege inherited or is it earned? As an American resident of color I’ve learned that privilege in this country is something that is innate and inherited. The privilege that I speak of is that of White privilege. There are two prominent writer/scholars who have taken the issue of white privilege to heart and have shared their expert analysis on the subject; these authors/writer-scholars are Peggy McIntosh, a white feminist, and Beverly Tatum, an African American Psychologist. McIntosh, in her article Coming to See Correspondences, makes excellent observations about the privilege that she has experienced just by being a white female in America. The two most significant points made by McIntosh†¦show more content†¦The concept of white privilege helps to highlight the hypocritical nature of the American ideologies of democracy and meritocracy. Ask yourself: Do we live truly in a democratic system if the voices of our nation’s disenfranchised people are not heard? Or are we truly a nation that functions on a meritocratic system if every person-- regardless of socioeconomic background or race-- is not given the same opportunities for development? The concepts of white privilege and male privilege, as used by McIntosh, are meant to unveil the hidden schemes of American ideology. Beverly Tatum incorporates the concept of White privilege into her writing to address the fundamental issues surrounding racism. In Defining Racism, a chapter in Why Are All the Black Kids Sitting Together in the Cafeteria, Tatum defines racism as â€Å"a system of advantage based on race† (P.6) In an accurate and inoffensive way she illustrates racism and extends it beyond the individual, placing blame on the greater American social structure. Throughout the development of her definition she places great emphasis on the fact that racism, like sexism, is something exhibited by the dominant group (whites/men) upon the subordinate group (people of color/women). She does this to demonstrate the structured aspect of racism as an institutional norm and not necessarily something that is actively practiced by individuals. This approach is less offensive to whites and creates a context for self awarenessShow MoreRelatedWhite Privilege : A Crime America Pays For1635 Words   |  7 Pa gesWhite Privilege: A Crime America Pays for Being Privilege is something many of us do not realize we have on an everyday basis. Privilege is something you can get over time, but others are born with the natural ability to be privileged. Anybody who is â€Å"white† descent is born with what is known as white privilege. Many of us do not recognize this the privilege that comes with being white in society. We go on everyday taking advantage of other races by being white without even knowing it. Read MoreWhite Privilege During The Colonization Of America1531 Words   |  7 Pageshave nots. Those who come from privilege tend not to recognize those privileges, while those who fall into the marginalized groups have an uphill battle. White privilege is a set of institutional beliefs granted to those based on their skin color. These individuals have better access to privilege and resources. Much of these privileges are seen through types of employment, amount of compensation, quality of schools, and racial profiling. Among these few privileges one can see daily how the peopleRead MoreWhite Privilege : An Integral Part Of America s Declaration Of Independence Essay1414 Words   |  6 Pages White Privilege Our country was founded on the notion that â€Å"all men are created equal,† while this concept is an integral part of America’s Declaration of Independence, the fundamental idea has never genuinely been practiced. Our country established a white supremacy culture in its founding days, and has accepted the concept since. White supremacy is the belief that white people are superior to those of all other races. Although there have been valiant efforts, the inequality of the races has neverRead MoreWhite Privilege And Black Privilege1389 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"White privilege refers to the fact that in many societies, â€Å"white† people have access to greater power, authority, and privileges, than non-white people† (Robbins et al. 2013:81). It goes beyond letting white people get away with more than other races; it also discriminates against them. This is well illustrated by the history of white privilege in America and how it changed over time (Nkomo Ariss 2013) and how white privilege is used to benefit white people (Blum n.d). Without white privilegeRead MoreWhite Privilege : Black Privilege1296 Words   |  6 PagesWhite Privilege in America Whit privilege is still a problem in America. Through history, white privilege has been a major civil conflict in American societies. It is still prevalent today. What most people want to know is if there is a way to prevent the continuation of white privilege. By knowing the history, and the various types of white privilege, there might be a way to overcome and eventually prevent it. To fully understand what white privilege is, one must first understand the origin ofRead MoreAnalysis Of The Great White Way By Debra J. Dickerson1153 Words   |  5 PagesThe article â€Å"The Great White Way† by Debra J. Dickerson attempts to show her readers that â€Å"Race is an arbitrary system for establishing hierarchy and privilege† (68) in America. In her article, Dickerson questions how â€Å"whiteness† leads America in our culture and society and how all the other races are defined in America. She also explains how history has divided whites from non-whites in America. The intended audience that Dickerson’s essay gravitated towards are political or liberal Americans. InRead MoreAnalysis Of Tears We Cannot Stop By Michael Eric Dyson1168 Words   |  5 Pagespreaches to white American about the ignorance white Americans have about racism towards the black community. This racism is deep-seeded in America’s history and has been perpetuate d by white innocence, white privilege, and a refusal to learn, despite rebuttal claims that racism is dead in America by white folk. Dyson put forward the idea that racism is not just calling a black person the â€Å"n† word, blatant discrimination, or cops unjustly shooting and killing blacks, but is also the lack of whites to doRead MoreThe Article Unpacking The Invisible Backpack 936 Words   |  4 PagesInvisible Backpack, McIntosh states â€Å"I think whites are carefully taught not to recognize white privilege, as males are taught not to recognize male privilege† I think that statement is true since people can become a part of situations related to privilege unintentionally and cannot help how they were born. I believe McIntosh explore of white privilege is all about and how power is established in the everyday life of all people in America. She says White privilege is stated to consist of an invisibleRead MoreWhite Privilege On Social Media994 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction In today’s society when white privilege is discussed one might think of the Ku Klux Klan (KKK), white supremacy, Black Lives Matter Movement, and maybe even presidential hopeful Donald Trump. The idea of this ingrained privilege that was once overt and now presents itself more subtly seems absurd. Many people, no matter their race or ethnicity, do not see this privilege that others hold. Whether it is ignorance or they are oblivious depends on the individual, but looking at statisticsRead MoreWhite Privilege956 Words   |  4 PagesWhite Privilege 2 WHITE PRIVILEGE: Founded in Racial Preference What is white privilege? It is important that white privilege be defined because the majority of whites want to deny that it exists at all, especially in response to assertions of people of color that it exists unjustly and should be dismantled. The denial of its existence by whites is racialized. People of color say white people enjoy white privilege while white people deny, as often as possible, that they

Influential and Sociological Aspects of Gangs What Makes...

Influential and Sociological Aspects of Gangs: What Makes Individuals Want to Join Gangs? Magdaline Mouratides Sociology 100 Instructor Francisco Limá ½ ¹n November 29, 2011 Abstract The purpose of this research is to identify the sociological aspects and means in which individuals may use in order to affiliate themselves within a gang and their practices. The following research uses statistics and information given by police departments and the Department of Justice. I have searched for reasoning behind an individual’s decision to join a gang from a sociological perspective. It begins by defining a gang and what leads young individuals to a lifestyle and choice of joining these gangs. Sociological approaches are made in order to†¦show more content†¦Components of Cultural Deviance Another theory that many like to refer to would be social disorganization. This philosophy concentrates more on the circumstances in the inner city that affect crimes. They include, but are not limited to, the destruction of homes and neighborhoods, lack of social control, and the presence of gangs or groups who violate the law (Siegel 2010). Other than this theory, there is such thing as the strain theory. This suggests that crime is brought upon communities and individuals by the overwhelming strain that people are feeling when they aspire to reach their personal ambitions but have no way to grasp them. According to Featherstone and Deflem (2003), strain theorists believe that money and power are spread throughout economic classes unequally. They feel as if this frustration and strain built by individuals who are not able to achieve their goals is what influences a person’s choice to commit a crime. Believing this, strain theorists feel that the youth are certain that the only way to obtain what they desire is to join gangs, because they see other gang members in the community prosper with money. However, it is due to a life of crime and unfortunately, the youth feel as if joining the gang will benefit them in the same way. A combination of the social disorganization and strain theories brings a new concept, which is considered as the cultural devianceShow MoreRelatedSociological Theories and Gang Violence3259 Words   |  14 Pages SOCIALOGICAL THEORIES and GANG VIOLENCE Abstract The sociological analysis of gang membership explores the different types of effects that arise due to criminal involvement. Because of the social conflicts that are associated with gang membership, this paper will explore the different theories of social learning and both personal and control issues that relate to the recent surge in crime across Chicago. As we open the doors of a crime ridden society, the truth begins to unfold. It isn’tRead MorePeer Pressure Research Paper4619 Words   |  19 Pagesusually, but not always, of the same age group. 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The beginnings and ends of what we choose to call centuries are almost invariably years of little significance. But there is little agreement over when the twentieth century c.e. arrived, and there were several points both before the year 2000 (the collapse of the Soviet UnionRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 Pagessection: students are asked to make their own analysis, draw their own conclusions, and defend them, thereby having an opportunity to stretch themselves. In some cases where there is considerable updating, a new feature invites students to Assess the Latest Developments. Invitation to Research suggestions allow students to take the case a step further, to investigate what has happened since the case was written, both to the company and even to some of the individuals involved. In the final chapter

What is Fire Regulation A Critical study of Death or Action Free Essays

string(310) " Government Department given the power by this order is the Department of Finance and Personnel who will propose changes to all aspects of the regulations including fire safety after consultation with the Northern Ireland Building Regulations Advisory Committee and in line with powers conferred by the Order\." Introduction 1.0 Historical Background There has long been a concern with fire safety in buildings dating back many centuries. The earliest references to rules or what could now be termed legislation date back to Emperor Nero after the fire of Rome. We will write a custom essay sample on What is Fire Regulation? A Critical study of Death or Action or any similar topic only for you Order Now These rules appear somewhat reactive in that they where enacted following a major incident or tragedy of the time. The reasons for their introduction has changed little over the centuries with the public and governing authorities anxiety and concern to the fore in demanding actions following a serious loss of life or property. As time progressed the influence of European Directives, World Summits and Commerce added a voice to the demand for action and consideration of other issues such as the environment, business and heritage. In medieval England we see the first attempts to legislate for fire safety through simplistic rules developed due to problems at that time. In the middle ages houses were usually built of timber frames filled in with wattle and daub. Roofs were thatched and chimney construction basic, and within the congested walled towns houses were built in narrow streets with overhanging upper storeys. These factors combined with the central hearths and straw floor coverings enabled rapid fire spread and devastating conflagrations. William the Conqueror required that all fires be extinguished at night. The popular method of achieving this was to use a metal cover which excluded the air. This cover was called a Couvert Feu which in use became Curfew. In 1189 the first recorded attempts to legislate for fire safety were by the mayor of London who stated that all houses in the city were to be built of stone. Thatched roofs were not permitted and minimum dimensions were specified for party walls The common historical reference point for fire safety rules is the Great fire of London which occurred in the early hours of 2nd September 1666 and burned for 4 days. Five-sixths of the city was destroyed including 1300 houses and many major monuments. Although loss of life was minimal London acquired its first complete code of Building Regulations and means for its implementation. These are just the first historic dates in the evolution of fire safety legislation over time. There are many more famous dates where new legislation has being introduced however for this dissertation I want to focus on a few in more detail.. 1.2 Aim and Objectives Aim To identify case studies that have impacted on the fire regulations and to investigate what effect research has had on the fire regulations. Objectives Identify case studies that impinged on the fire regulations Investigate if and how research has improved the fire regulations over time And therefore ascertain if future research should be better focused Identify possible weaknesses in the fire regulations at present In this Dissertation I have taken the opportunity to review the history and evolution of Northern Ireland’s built environment fire safety legislation in order to achieve my aim and objectives. The identification of the most relevant pieces of fire safety legislation was carried out through a literature review on the subject and through discussions and structured interviews with key personnel involved in its use. 2.0 Literature Review The subsequent literature review is concerned with providing knowledge on the different fire legislation that is currently in use. 2.1 Fire Legislation in Northern Ireland The development of fire safety legislation particular to Northern Ireland is largely based on and is equivalent to legislation which has evolved for England and Wales either at the same time or frequently with a time delay of 3-5 years. Consequently the evolvement of fire safety legislation in Northern Ireland can be categorised as being reactive and overlapping. In general terms new legislation will be proposed through one of the following mechanisms: – By public pressure Government’s direction European pressure Fire safety legislation in Northern Ireland has two main strands, one seeks to ensure that buildings are designed and constructed in a way which will contribute to a reasonable degree of fire safety the other is concerned with the continuing control and management of the buildings while occupied. This consolidation of legislation into two strands developed following recommendations from Sir Ronald Holyroyd in 1970. The major pieces of legislation that are currently in force are as follows: – Design and Construction The Building Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000 (Under the Building Regulations (Northern Ireland) Order 1979) The Building (Amendment) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2006. The Building (Amendment No.2) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2006. The Building (Amendment No.1) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2010. The Building (Amendment No.2) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2010. Buildings in Use The Fire and Rescue Services (Northern Ireland) Order 2006. The Fire Safety Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2010. This legislation forms the backbone of the fire safety requirements and implications placed on industry and essentially cover all use classes. Up until the 15th of November 2010 there was over 70 different pieces of legislation that was used for non-domestic buildings in use. The new legislation stated above replaced and simplified the old legislation into one document. The old legislation required buildings to obtain fire certificates and not all buildings were required to do this but the new legislation requires all non-domestic buildings to comply with fire safety duties such as carrying out a risk assessment. 2.2 Existing Authorities for Application and Enforcement of Legislation 2.2.1 Building Control Service In Northern Ireland District Councils have a statutory duty to enforce Building Regulations and they do this through their Building Control Services. At present in Northern Ireland there are 26 District Council areas each with its own Building Control Service. The power for District Councils to enforce the Building Regulations comes from Article 10 of the Building Regulations (NI) Order 1979. All district Councils carry this out through authorised officers of their Building Control Service. The power to make new Building Regulations or amend existing regulations also comes from the Building Regulations (NI) Order 1979. The current local Government Department given the power by this order is the Department of Finance and Personnel who will propose changes to all aspects of the regulations including fire safety after consultation with the Northern Ireland Building Regulations Advisory Committee and in line with powers conferred by the Order. You read "What is Fire Regulation? A Critical study of Death or Action" in category "Essay examples" The regulations are now expressed in functional terms such as an ‘adequate means of escape, which can be safely and effectively used at all material times’. This allows the designer flexibility in building form, which prior to 1994 would have been difficult to justify under the more rigid fire safety regime in place for the design and construction of new buildings. The designer now has the choice of following a specific fire safety code of practice such as technical booklet E or the BS9999 series to achieve a reasonable degree of fire safety. This is known as the ‘deemed to satisfy approach’ which by following the specific recommendations of the various codes in full a designer is deemed to have satisfied the functional fire safety provisions within the Building Regulations. In complex buildings or where a designer finds it difficult to comply with the provisions as set out in these codes there is the opportunity to follow an ‘alternative approach†™ whereby compliance with the functional regulations can be demonstrated by an alternative means, for example through fire safety engineering. The current provisions relating to fire safety in buildings as contained in Part E of the regulations can be seen in Appendix A In terms of the fire safety aspects of the Building Regulations a Fire Safety Panel has been set up to ensure consistency of approach in terms of interpretation and application throughout Northern Ireland. This fire safety panel consists of 8 members from Building Control Services throughout Northern Ireland to discuss all aspects of fire safety relevant to Building Control. 2.2.2 Northern Ireland Fire and Rescue Service Northern Ireland Fire and Rescue Service (NIFRS) is the statutory fire and rescue service for Northern Ireland. They are overseen by the Northern Ireland Fire and Rescue Service Board (NIFRS Board). It is classed as a Non-Departmental Public Body with its funds allocated by the Department of Health, Social Services and Public Safety. The NIFRS Board was established on the 1st of July 2006 under the Fire and Rescue Services (Northern Ireland) Order 2006. It replaced the Fire Authority for Northern Ireland (FANI). The FANI was formed in October 1973 when, as the result of the reorganization of Local Government in Northern Ireland, the functions of the Belfast Corporation Fire Brigade and the Northern Ireland Fire Authority were combined. It was established by the Fire Services (Northern Ireland) Order 1973, and this piece of legislation was consolidated and expanded by the Fire Services (Northern Ireland) Order 1984. It was also in July 2006 that the Northern Ireland Fire Brigade (NIFB) changed to the NIFRS. The NIFRS is the main body responsible for enforcing the new Fire Safety Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2010 under The Fire and Rescue Services (Northern Ireland) Order 2006. The NIFRS serves the entire population of Northern Ireland for the enforcement of the above legislation and this is carried out by the 4 area headquarters situated at various locations in the North, South, East and West of the province. Changes to this legislation are made by the relevant local government department who at present are the Department of Health, Social Services and Public Safety. This department are advised on changes to legislation by the safety committee of the NIFRS. 3.0 Methodology The aim of my dissertation is as already stated is to identify case studies that impinged on the regulations and to investigate what effect research has had on the regulations. This will involve determining how the fire legislation has evolved over time and the factors that have influenced this. Through this I hope to find the answer to my title. Which has the most influence on the current evolvement of legislation; Research or fire tragedyThe methodology for this critical appraisal will involve the following research techniques:- Literature searches Identifying Case Studies Structured Interviews of key personnel Following the analysis of current situation of fire legislation an attempt will be made to identify the shortcomings of the present. 3.1 Literature Searches In order to undertake this dissertation it was necessary to carry out literature searches to get sufficient background information into fire safety. It was essential to determine the different fire safety legislation that is in place today and where it evolved from. It was also important to look at existing systems for application and enforcement of legislation in Northern Ireland. A full literature Review (see 2.0) on the subject was carried out utilizing a variety of sources detailed given in the bibliography. 3.2 Case Studies As already mentioned the basis of my dissertation was to identify case studies that changed the fire regulations so therefore it was crucial to look through the history of the fire legislation. It was necessary to identify the different pieces of legislation that have being introduced between the period of the first legislation being introduced until present and to determine the reasons new legislation came into place. For the scope of this dissertation it is not possible to examine every fire that occurred throughout the centuries. Therefore I am going to choose a few of the most recent fires that changed the fire legislation and focus on what caused the fire, how many people were killed and the legislation that came into place as a result of that tragedy. 3.2.1 Summerland Leisure Centre, Isle of Man, 1973 Figure 1 External view of the Summerland leisure complex (Rasbash, 2003 pg.36) Figure 1 shows Summerland leisure centre before the fire destroyed the building in 1973. The fire was started by children at 7.30pm in a small kiosk adjacent to the centre’s mini-golf course at point X (See Figure 2). The exterior wall beside where the kiosk was on fire was clad in Galbestos. This was a bitumen coated steel material that had passed a standard fire test but after this fire the material was found to have a limited fire-resistance. There was a cavity of 0.3m wide and 12m long between the steel outer layer of the exterior wall and the inner wall which was made of Decalin ‘†¦ fibreboard (class 4, which is the lowest grading in the BS 476, Part 7 Spread of flame test).’( Rasbash, 2003 pg.36). The fire spread to the fibreboard inside the cavity which caused an explosion which in turn ignited the Oroglas, highly flammable acrylic sheeting which was covering the roof and most of the wall shown in figure 1 and 3. The fire spread across the length of th e leisure centre in just under 2 mins. The Oroglas melted so burning melted material fell causing more fires to start and also injured those trying to escape. It is quite obvious from the materials chosen for this building that the designer either had no consideration or knowledge of the flammability properties these materials contained. Figure 2 Main Solarium level, Summerland (Rasbash, 2003 pg.37) An interesting point in this case is that the fire services were not called for nearly thirty minutes and the call was made from a ship at sea who could see the fire. There were some 3000 people present in the building at the time of the fire. Therefore when signs of the fire were spotted this caused people to panic and rush to the exits. In total fifty people were killed in this fire. Their bodies were found in different parts of the building. Some were found on staircase 1 shown in figure 2. This was an open staircase that people were using to escape from the upper floors and was fully exposed to the burning flames. Stairway 2 was a protected stairway and was actually supposed to be used in a situation like this. However more bodies were found here as a permanent opening was made between one of the floors so the stairway could be used as a service stairway. Another factor that caused some of the deaths was the fact that some of the exit doors were locked which lead to people getting crushed. The building after the fire was extinguished can be seen in figure 4. The death toll in this fire brought about a public inquiry. The inquiry lasted from September 1973 to February 1974. The delay in evacuation and the flammable building materials were condemned and changes to the building regulations to improve fire safety were introduced. Figure 3 Summerland roof in flames. ([Summerland] n.d. [image online] Available at [Accessed 18 April 2011]) Figure 4 Summerland Building after fire was put out. ([Summerland] n.d. [image online] Available at [Accessed 18 April 2011]) 3.3.2 The Stardust Dance Club, Dublin, 1981 The Stardust fire which killed 48 people and seriously injured 128 occurred in the early hours of the 14th February 1981. It was first thought that the fire started in a balcony inside the building. The initial inquiry into the fire stated that the fire was arson. However in July 2008 an independent examination of the evidence rejected the initial findings. They could find no evidence as to where or how the fire started but they did put forward their findings to say the fire could have started in the lamp room due to an electrical fault which was beside the store room in the roof space (see figure 5). The only evidence the committee had to support this was that there had previously being electrical faults in the lamp room. The contents of the store beside the lamp contained extremely flammable materials which only would have helped spread the fire. Figure 5 The fire was first spotted in a balcony inside the building. At this point staff evacuated users of the balcony but the other patrons of the building were not informed of the fire nor was an alarm sounded. The fire spread to the west alcove (see figure 5). This area at the time of the fire was empty and partially cut of from the dance hall by a roller blind. The west alcove as can be seen from figure 6 had raised seating. The seating and backrests in this area were covered with thick PVC polyurethane foam. The back wall which the last row of seating was resting against, was covered with carpet tiles which had a class 3 or 4 performance in the standard spread of flame test. The ceiling was also covered with insulating tiles. Figure 6 Stardust club interior (section) showing west alcove (Rasbash, 2003 pg.39) At some point the roller blind was opened and at this time the fire rapidly took hold. The carpet tiles quickly became involved and within seconds all the seats in the alcove caught fire. The dance area quickly became engulfed in smoke and flames. The lighting failed which caused mass panic. Immediately people rushed for the exits only to find some of the exits were locked or obstructed in some way. This caused many people to get trampled. Some of the patrons also mistook the male toilets for an exit and once there found steel bars covering the windows. Experiments during the initial investigation showed that the seats were exposed to heat well in excess of that which would require spontaneous ignition. Figure 7 Figure 8 A lot more people could have being killed in this fire if the part of the ceiling hadn’t collapsed. This collapse allowed for some venting of the smoke and fire. However if some basic rules such as provision of fire extinguishers and fire exits being kept clear had being followed a lot more people could have being saved. In the aftermath of the fire comparisons were made with the Summerland disaster. A number of recommendations were made to improve fire safety. (This can be seen in more detail at http://www.lenus.ie/hse/bitstream/10147/45478/1/7964.pdf) 3.2.3 Henderson’s Department Store, Liverpool, 1960 The Henderson Department Store fire was one of the worst in Liverpool’s history. The fire ripped through the store and killed eleven people. One person fell to their death and the other ten were found inside the store. Many different things contributed to the loss of life in this fire. A fire drill was never practised, there was no fire alarm and the fire brigade were not called straight away. A factor that caused the spread of fire was that the doors had all being jammed open as it was a warm day.The materials the building was constructed from also played a part. Figure 9 Henderson’s Store on Fire ([Henderson’s] n.d. [image online] Available at [Accessed 19 April 2011] There some 400 people in the store on the day of the fire. The general manager of the store was the first to spot the fire on the third floor. He called the reception to tell them to phone the fire brigade but for some reason the phone call was not made for another five minutes. The staff tried to extinguish the fire with no success. By the time the fire brigade reached the store the upper parts of the building had completely taken hold of by the fire with smoke and flames evident. When the fire brigade arrived at the scene there were people standing on the ledges of the building. One person fell to their death and the other six were rescued. Shortly after the fire brigade arrived they had to retreat from the building as the fire was too dangerous. For many hours after the fire began the fire brigade tried to get the fire under control. Once the fire had being put out ten bodies were found inside the store. Figure 10 Inside Henderson’s Store after fire ([Henderson’s] n.d. [image online] Available at [Accessed on 19 April 2011]) The fire is thought to have started from an electrical fault but as the building was completely destroyed there was no evidence to back this up. As a result of this fire new laws were brought in to make conditions safer in shops and offices. This new legislation was brought in 1963 and was called the Office, shops and Railway Premises Act 1963. 3.2.4 Woolworths, Manchester, 1979 Similar to the Henderson’s fire; the Woolworths fire was Manchester’s worst fire disaster. It occurred in the month of May 1979. This fire led to major shake ups in the UK fire legislation which in turn had a big impact in the fire legislation for Northern Ireland. Ten people were killed in this fire due to smoke inhalation. The fire started near a wardrobe beside the furniture display area. There was maybe over 70 people on the floor where the fire started. As can be seen from figure 11 all the stairwells were well positioned for means of escape. What also can be seen from figure 1 is that all the bodies were found very close to the exit stairwell. Figure 11 Floor layout of floor that was on fire in Woolworths ([Woolworths floor plan] n.d. [image online] Available at [Accessed on 19 April 2011]) The floor manager first spotted the fire but at no time was a call made from the store to the fire brigade. The floor manager tried to fight the fire himself. At the time of the fire the store had no fire certificate which was required under the fire legislation however the store was in the process of obtaining one. There were no sprinklers in the store either but this was not a requirement under the legislation. Figure 12 Woolworths store on fire ([ Woolworths] n.d. [image online] Available at [Accessed on 19 April 2011]) Many factors were responsible for the loss of life in this fire. First of all the staff did not raise the alarm and the fire training was poor and needed improvement. A major contribution to the loss of life was the inhalation of polyurethane fire gases. These came of the polyurethane foam upholstered furniture which after the fire was found to burn very easily. From the experiments that were carried out after the fire it was found that sprinklers could have helped those killed reach the exit stairwell and to safety. Figure 13 Woolworths during fire being distinguished ([ Woolworths] n.d. [image online] Available at [Accessed on 19 April 2011]) Although this fire was a tragedy as already mentioned it brought round changes to the fire legislation. It led to the requirements that owners of stores have a responsibility to train their staff in what to do in the event of a fire. It also meant that large retail stores had to have sprinklers installed. The major change came in the form the type of fillings that were allowed to be used in upholstery furniture. All of these came about as a result of the Woolworths fire and therefore has contributed to preventing similar tragedies and saving a lot of lives. Summerland, Stardust, Henderson’s and Woolworths are just a few of fires throughout the centuries that have impacted the fire legislation. There are many more fires that have had some sort of impact. As already mentioned I wanted to identify case studies that impacted the fire legislation but for the scope of this dissertation I was only able to go into a select few in more detail as can be seen in 3.2. However I would like to quickly mention a few other high profile cases. A major fire occurred in 1887 where 186 people died. This was the Theatre Royal in Exeter which probably assisted in the incorporation of provisions for means of escape in places of public resort within the Public Health Acts Amendment Act 1890. The Eastwood Mills fire in Keighley in 1956 where 8 people died led to introduction of â€Å"The Fire Precautions At 1971†. This fire also led to the fire brigade being made responsible for the means of escape. â€Å"The Fire Precautions Act 1971† was introduced after the fire at The Rose and Crown Hotel in Saffron Waldon. This fire occurred in 1969 and killed 11 people. A more local fire I would like to mention occurred at Maysfield Leisure Centre in Belfast in 1984. 6 people died and in 1988 amendments were made to the Fire Services Order (N.I.). This ensured that gym mats were enclosed in fire resistant doors with strips and seals on the doors. The last fire I want to include occurred at Bradford Football Stadium in 1985. 56 people were killed at the stadium that day but not all were killed by the actual fire some suffered from crushing. This led to the introduction of â€Å"Fire Safety and Safety of places of sports Act† in 1987. 3.3 Structured Interviews In an attempt to achieve a number of my objectives it was important to interview key personnel involved in the enforcement and implementation of fire legislation in Northern Ireland. The key personnel identified were as follows:- 1)Building Control – Damian Mc Murray (Group Building Control Officer for Londonderry) 2)Building Control – Brian Ritchie (Operations Manager for Building Control Lisburn Headquarters) 3)Building Control – Donal Rogan (Building Control Manager for Belfast Headquarters) 4)Northern Ireland Fire and Rescue Service – Victor Spence (Group Commander for personnel and training south area command) 5)Northern Ireland Fire and Rescue Service – Mark Deeney (District Commander Londonderry District) 6)Northern Ireland Fire and Rescue Service – Bill Wildson (District Commander Coleraine) The structured interviews were developed for the purpose of gathering information in relation to Northern Ireland’s built environment fire safety legislation see Appendix A. These initial interviews were used to gain an understanding and insight into the following: – Current fire safety legislation and responsibility for enforcement. (Primary legislation and subsequent Regulations or Statutory Rules). What effect research had on fire legislation and to determine the future of research. Current procedures for liaison between statutory bodies. How fire safety legislation for Northern Ireland evolves and is implemented Views on the future of Fire Safety Legislation in Northern Ireland. Current problems, difficulties and weaknesses in established fire safety legislation in Northern Ireland The interviews were carried out in person with each of the individuals involved, following a briefing on the background to the dissertation. Full details of these interviews including, discussions, answers and information gleaned is contained in Appendix A. This information was utilized to establish all the current fire safety legislation and fire safety provisions applicable to buildings in Northern Ireland, the regulatory bodies involved, current consultation procedures and their professional opinion on the current situation of research. 4.0 Discussion Although the world has changed a great deal from the fire of Rome the reactive nature of our fire safety rules now termed legislation and regulations has not, with current legislation continuing to develop in a piecemeal fashion as it did over the many preceding centuries. The information attained from the literature review gave me a good basis to identify the case studies needed for this dissertation. The literature review gave me an in depth knowledge of the different fires that occurred over time and their significance to the fire legislation. From this I was able to choose four key case studies that would hopefully back up the aim of my dissertation which I believe they have. Starting of with the Summerland disaster the delay in evacuation and the flammable building materials used were condemned. Because of this tragedy changes were made to the building regulations to improve fire safety. The same can nearly be said for the Stardust fire in Dublin in terms of the materials used. They too were extremely flammable contributing to the loss of life. But other factors contributed to this fire as well see 3.2.2. This tragedy also led to improvements in fire safety. The other two case studies I researched in more depth were two shopping stores; Henderson’s in Liverpool and Woolworths in Manchester. As in the first two case studies after these fires took place changes to the legislation were introduced. Between these two fires sprinklers in large retail stores became a requirement. There were controls put on the type of foam to be used in furniture and they also led to owners having a requirement to train their staff in the event of a fire occurring. As can be seen from these case studies and the other fires I briefly mentioned there seems to be a common theme of fire legislation being introduced after a loss of life in fire. The structured interviews undertaken for this dissertation helped me establish what impact research have on the fire legislation. From talking with key personnel within building control and the NIFRS I have found that the general feeling is that research probably doesn’t have enough of an effect. However this was not a negative point its just reality there is only so much research bodies can do with limited funds. The work they do carry out at the minute is invaluable and naturally if more funds were available more could be done. But even if that was the case I found out that the majority of the personnel I interviewed believe that it is always easy to see the faults after a major incident has occurred. Sometimes it will take a loss of life for people to sit up and question what went wrong and then make steps to rectify these faults within the fire legislation. A point was made in the first interview that I then proceeded to ask as one of my questions in the following interviews. Sometimes people react too quickly after loss of life in a fire has being experienced. This led to the fire legislation in the past being too stringent with strict constructional specifications. Sometimes it is better to sit back let a little time pass and then investigate should changes be made in a more rational manner. At present the fire legislation is less strict. Within building control designers can refer to part E of the building regulations or to BS: 9999 to provide the minimum requirement for fire safety to new buildings. Rigid controls are being replaced by a more flexible system which allows other solutions to be considered. Fire engineering is being used more to provide software that helps in fire safety. As already mentioned the general opinion from the interviews was that research into fire safety at the minute maybe isn’t changing the main fire legislation. However research bodies are doing as much as they can with the funds they are getting. Even though research has not impacted the legislation it does have an impact in fire safety. Research bodies carry out valuable experiments on new products that come out and state that they have fire resistance materials. Any product that states this has to provide a certificate from a recognised research body shown the fire resistance capabilities. The general consensus form the interviews was that if research bodies had more funding in the future maybe changes to fire legislation would come from here instead of having to wait for a fire tragedy to happen and loss of life to be experienced. However this seems very unlikely. Both the literature review and the structured interviews helped with the final objective of my dissertation; Identify possible weaknesses in the fire regulations at present. In relation to the construction of new buildings, the change of use or alteration to existing buildings the legal requirements in terms of fire safety appears simple. A designer or building owner must look to the Building Regulations section E or BS: 9999 to establish requirements in terms of fire safety. This is the first strand of fire safety legislation discussed earlier, which seeks to ensure that buildings are constructed in a way which resists the spread of fire and allows the occupants to escape if fire should break out. The only weakness that got pointed out to me in the interviews was that any new legislation brought under building control only applies to new build and some areas new builds only count for a small proportion of the buildings in that area. However it would be very hard to bring out legisla tion that applies to existing buildings. For example if all existing buildings were to have sprinklers installed it could cost millions and it might not even save any lives. As I mentioned there are two main parts of legislation for building control to follow however there are also many different pieces that are referenced within these documents and have to be referred to as well. One of the things mentioned to me in the interviews would be good if all these documents could be put into one similar to what the NIFRS have now but he said this probably would never happen. The second strand of legislation deals with buildings already in use. As already mentioned new legislation was introduced in November 2010. But before this was introduced there were a lot of weaknesses in the legislation that was in place beforehand. Although my aim is to see if there are any weaknesses in fire legislation at the minute I feel it is necessary to identify weaknesses that were present up until a short time age. Mainly a lot of the legislation overlapped for e.g. if there was a building with a number of different functions all the relevant legislation would have to be applied making it very complicated and difficult to understand. However the new legislation has replaced these with two new simple pieces of legislation. Weaknesses were also present in enforcement procedures. The timescale for cases to be heard in court were too long and the penalties did not match the crime. Therefore the penalties did not provide a deterrent to operators of premises. Again the new legislation changed this with failure to comply with the new legislation could result in imprisonment which is a much harsher punishment than before. Also if death occurred as a result of a fire the persons responsible for that building could be charged with corporate manslaughter. The old legislation required buildings to have a fire certificate but the new legislation requires the employer in the workplace or anybody who has any degree of control over a premise to undertake a risk assessment. This means the responsibility for fire safety is placed with the owners and not the fire brigade. This is good as owners will have more awareness of what is needed to keep a building safe from fire as before with the legislation being so complicate d alot of owners did not understand the legislation and had no legal responsibility to ensure the building was safe from fire. The new legislation applies to all non-domestic buildings in use, whereas before hand each piece of legislation applied to a certain type of building and not all buildings were covered. As this new legislation has only recently being introduced it is hard to determine if there are any weaknesses there. The general feeling from the interviews was that the new legislation looks to be safe at the minute but only time will tell if that is the case. Conclusion Having undertook this dissertation through a literature review, identifying case studies and carrying out interviews I believe it is obvious that fire safety legislation has evolved and developed in a piecemeal fashion – primarily as a reactive process to particular fire incidents and tragedies. However although in the early days legislation came from fire tragedies nowadays changes are more likely to come from the industry such as business wanting their product to be included in the legislation. In the past we didn’t have people trying to make a living out of fire safety. Changes can also come about from environmental impacts. Some products cannot be used anymore because they harm the environment and as already mentioned European directives have a say as well. So I think it would be correct to say that the answer to my title â€Å"Fire Regulations: A reaction to death or an action from research† is a bit of both and a variety of other factors. From the case studies it is also evident that research did have a positive influence. Although these influences were after the fires occurred through the experiments carried out key changes were made and harmful products banned from being used. At present research bodies are still carrying these important experiments and tests on new products being introduced to the industry. In general the fire legislation at the current state seems to be very good. The legislation is detailed enough to ensure the safety of lives in buildings but also enables designers more freedom in their design than was allowed in the past. Hopefully in the future any new legislation or changes to existing legislation is brought around through research or the other sources mentioned and not a direct result of death in fire. Bibliography 1 THE FIRE SAFETY ADVICE CENTRE (2003). History of Fire Safety Legislation [Online]. Last accessed on 22 November 2003 at URL:http://www.firesafe.org.uk/html/history.htm. 2 FIRE NET (2003) History of Fire Safety Legislation and Other Interesting Dates [Online]. Last accessed on 22 November 2003 at URL:http://www.fire.org.uk/fpac/leg.htm#20 3 SAFETY POLICY DIRECTORATE (2003). Workplace fire safety [Online]. Last accessed on 22 November 2003 at URL:http://www.hse.gov.uk/spd/spdfire.htm 4 HOUSE OF COMMONS INFORMATION OFFICE (2000). Northern Ireland Business and Legislation [Online]. Last accessed on 23 November 2003 at URL:http://www.parliament.uk/documents/upload/LO8.pdf. 5 HOUSE OF COMMONS INFORMATION OFFICE (2003). Statutory Instruments [Online]. Last accessed on 23 November 2003 at URL:http://www.parliament.uk/documents/upload/LO7.pdf. 6 HEALTH AND SEFETY EXECUTIVE FOR NORTHERN IRELAND (2003). List of Health and Safety Subordinate Legislation [Online]. Last accessed on 23 November 2003 at URL:http://www.hseni.gov.uk/legislation/list of subordinate legislation1.pdf. 7 HEALTH AND SEFETY EXECUTIVE FOR NORTHERN IRELAND (2003). List of Health and Safety Primary Legislation [Online]. Last accessed on 23 November 2003 at URL:http://www.hseni.gov.uk/legislation/list of Prim legisln.pdf. 8 Home Office et al (1999). Fire Safety ‘An Employers Guide’. Her Majesty’s Stationary Office. 9 The Department of Trade and Industry (1994). Fire safety legislation and Enforcement – Report of the Interdepartmental Review Team. 10 Office of the Deputy Prime Minister (2002). A consultation Document on the Reform of Fire Safety Legislation 11 Design Principles of Fire Safety Chapter 2 The Legislative Framework 12 DETR (2001). Building Regulations and Fire Safety Procedural Guidance 13 DEPARTMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENT. The Fire Services (Factory, Office and Shop Premises) Order (Northern Ireland) 1986. Statutory Rules of Northern Ireland 1986 No. 355, London 1986. 14 DEPARTMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENT. The Fire Services (Non- Certified Factory, Office and Shop Premises) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 1986. Statutory Rules of Northern Ireland 1986 No. 352, London 1986. 15 DEPARTMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENT. Health and Safety. Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000. Statutory Rules of Northern Ireland 2000 No. 388, London 2000. 16 DEPARTMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENT. The Fire Services (Northern Ireland) Order 1984. Statutory Instruments of Northern Ireland 1984 No. 1821 (N.I. 11), London 1984. 17 DEPARTMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENT. Licensing of Places of Entertainment. The Local Government (Miscellaneous Provisions) (NI) Order. 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Statutory Rules of Northern Ireland 1993 No. 38, London 1993. 23 Office and Shop Premises Act (NI) 1966 24 DEPARTMENT OF MANPOWER SERVICES. Health and Safety at Work (Northern Ireland) Order 1978. Statutory Instruments of Northern Ireland 1978 No. 1039 (N.I. 9), London 1978. 25 FACTORIES ACT (NI) 1965 26 BILL HIRST. Fire Legislation – Is It an Unnecessary Burden?, Facilities, Vol. 12 No. 8, 1994, pp 10-14, MCB University Press. 27 RICS. Rethinking Control of Buildings, RICS Building Control Forum Survey and Review Document, P11 Project Number IBC 9903 28 DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. Health and Safety. Enforcing Authority Regulations (Northern Ireland) 1997. Statutory Rules of Northern Ireland 1997 No. 229, London 1997. 29 DEPARTMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENT. The Fire Services (Hotels and Boarding Houses) Order (Northern Ireland) 1985. Statutory Rules of Northern Ireland 1985 No. 183, London 1985. 30 DEPARTMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENT. The Fire Services (Hotels and Boarding Houses) (Amendment) Order (Northern Ireland) 1986. Statutory Rules of Northern Ireland 1986 No. 28, London 1986. 31 DEPARTMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENT. The Fire Services (Leisure Premises) Order (Northern Ireland) 1985. Statutory Rules of Northern Ireland 1985 No. 137, London 1985. 32 DEPARTMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENT. The Cinemas (NI) Order 1991. Statutory Instruments of Northern Ireland 1991 No. 1462 (N.I. 12), London 1991. 33 DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT.Co-ordination and Effectiveness of Fire Safety in Northern Ireland – Report 1985 34 KNIGHT. Knights Guide to Fire Safety Legislation, Charles Knight Publishing Croydon 35 ANDREW ARDEN AND CHRALES CROSS. The Housing and Building Control Act 1984. Sweet and Maxwell, London 1984 36 PW JACKSON. Local Government. Butterworths, London 1972 37 JAMES A. HOLLAND AND JULIAN S WEBB. Learning Legal Rules 4th Edition. Blackstone Press, London 2002 38 TREVOR MARTIN. 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CIOB Services Engineering Section 2 ‘Legislation Standards and Strategy Web Sites www.hseni.gov.uk www.hse.gov.uk www.odpm.gov.uk www.parliament.gov.uk www.firesafe.org.uk www.fire.org.uk www.info4localgov.com www.nifb.org.uk Electronic Information Services Fire Worldwide Legislation Direct Statutory instruments UK Statutory instruments Barbour Index Building Control and NI Butterworths legal updater Full Text Electronic Journals Fire safety Journal Faculty Subject Guides Engineering and Built Environment – Internet Subject Guides – ‘Fire Safety 1 Popplewell, O., Committee of Inquiry into Crowd Safety at Sports Grounds: Final Report, HMSO, London, 1986. 2 Fennell, D., Investigation into the King’s Cross Underground Station Fire, HMSO, London, 1988. 3 Butler, C. P., ‘Notes on the charring rates in wood’, Fire Research Note 896, 1971. 4 Report of the Tribunal of Inquiry on the Fire at the Stardust, Artane, Dublin, Stationary Office, Dublin, 1982. 5 Woo, K. H., Final Report of the Inquiry into the Garley Building Fire on 20th November 1996, Hong Kong: Government Printer, 1997 6 Morris, W. A., ‘Stardust Disco Investigation – some observations on the full-scale fire tests’, Fire Safety Journal 7, 255-65, 1984. 7 Video: ‘Anatomy of a Fire’, Building Research Establishment, Garston, Watford, 1982. 8 Karlsson, B, ‘A mathematical model for calculating heat release rate in the room corner test’, Fire Safety Journal 20, 93-113, 1993 9 Grant, G. B. and Drysdale D. D., ‘Numerical modelling of early fire spread in warehouse fires’, Fire Safety Journal 24, 247-278, 1995. 10 Moodie, K., ‘The King’s Cross Fire: Damage assessment and overview of the technical investigation’, Fire Safety Journal 18, 13-33, 1992. 11 Roberts, A. F., ‘The King’s Cross Fire: a correlation of eyewitness accounts and results of the scientific investigation’, Fire Safety Journal 18, 105-121, 1992. 12 Simcox, S., Wilkes, N. S., and Jones, I. P., ‘Computer simulation of the flows of hot gases from the fire at the King’s Cross Underground Station’, Fire Safety Journal 18, 49-73, 1992. 13 Drysdale, D. D., Macmillan, A. J. R., and Shilitto, D., ‘The King’s Cross Fire: experimental verification of the ‘trench effect’, Fire Safety Journal 18, 75-82, 1992. 14 Moodie, K., and Jagger, S. F., ‘The King’s Cross Fire: results and analysis from the scale model tests’, Fire Safety Journal 18, 83-103, 1992. 15 Woodburn, P., and Drysdale, D. D., ‘Fire in Inclined Trenches: the dependence of the critical angle on the trench and burner geometry’, Fire Safety Journal 31, 143-164, 1998. 16 Woodburn, P., and Drysdale, D. D., ‘Fire in Inclined Trenches: time-varying features of the attached plume’, Fire Safety Journal 31, 165-1172, 1998. 17 Janssen, J. J. A., Building with Bamboo: a Handbook, pp.21 Intermediate Technology Publications, London, 1988. 18 Babrauskas, V., and Williamson, R. B., ‘Post flashover compartment fires: basis of a theoretical model’, Fire and Materials 2, 39-53, 1978. 19 Drysdale, D. D., Introduction to Fire Dynamics, Second Edition, JohnWiley and Sons, Chichester, 1998. http://www.planningportal.gov.uk/uploads/br/BR_PDF_B_PROCEDURAL.pdf How to cite What is Fire Regulation? A Critical study of Death or Action, Essay examples

Robert Edward Lee Essays - Fitzhugh Family Of Virginia,

Robert Edward Lee They say you had to see him to believe that a man so fine could exist. He was handsome. He was clever. He was brave. He was gentle. He was generous and charming, noble and modest, admired and beloved. He had never failed at anything in his upright soldier's life. He was born a winner, this Robert E. Lee. Except for once. In the greatest contest of his life, in a war between the South and the North, Robert E. Lee lost (Redmond). Through his life, Robert E. Lee would prove to be always noble, always a gentleman, and always capable of overcoming the challenge lying before him. Robert Edward Lee was born on January 19, 1807 (Compton's). He was born into one of Virginia's most respected families. The Lee family had moved to America during the mid 1600's. Some genealogist can trace the Lee's roots back to William the Conqueror. Two members of the Lee family had signed the Declaration of Independence, Richard Lee and Francis Lightfoot. Charles Lee had served as attorney General under the Washington administration while Richard Bland Lee, had become one of Virginia's leading Federalists. Needless to say, the Lees were an American Political dynasty (Nash 242). Lee's father was General Henry Light-Horse Harry Lee. He had been a heroic cavalry leader in the American Revolution. He married his cousin Matilda. They had four children, but Matilda died in 1790. On her death bed she added insult to injury upon Henry Lee by leaving her estate to her children. She feared Henry would squander the family fortune. He was well known for poor investments and schemes that had depleted his own family's fortune (Connelly 5). Henry Lee solved his financial problems by marrying Robert's mother Anne Carter, daughter of one of Virginia's wealthiest men (Nash 242). Henry Lee eventually spent his family into debt. Their stately mansion, Stratford Hall, was turned over to Robert's half brother. Anne Lee moved with her children to a simple brick house in Alexandria. Light Horse Harry was seldom around. Finally, in 1813 he moved to the West Indies. His self-exile became permanent, and he was never seen again by his family (Thomas). Young Robert had other family problems. His mother became very ill. At the age of twelve he had to shoulder the load of not only being the family's provider, but also his mother's nurse. When time came for Robert to attend college, it was obvious his mother could not support him financially. She was already supporting his older brother at Harvard and three other children in school. In 1824 he accepted an appointment to the United States Military Academy. During his time at West Point Lee distinguished himself as a soldier and a student. Lee graduated with honors in 1829 (Nash 245). His graduation was dampened by a call to the bedside of his ailing mother. When he arrived home he found his fifty-four year old mother close to death. A death caused by struggles and illnesses of her difficult life. Robert was always close to his mother. He again attended to her needs until her death. On July 10, 1829, Anne Lee died with Robert, her closest son, at her side. Forty years later Robert would stand in the same room and say, It seems but yesterday that his beloved mother died (Connelly 6). While awaiting his first assignment, Lee frequently visited Arlington, the estate of George Washington Parke Custis. Custis was the grandson of Martha Washington and the adopted son of George Washington. After Martha's death Custis left Mount Vernon and used his inheritance to build Arlington in 1778. Arlington was set on a hill over looking the Potomac river and Washington D.C. (NPS Arlington House). Custis had only one daughter, Mary Anna Randolph. Mary had been pampered and petted throughout her life. Lee's Courtship with Mary soon turned serious, before long they were thinking of marriage. However, before Robert could propose he was assigned to Cockspur Island, Georgia. Robert returned to Arlington in 1830. He and Mary decided to get married. The two were married on June 30, 1831(Nash 248). Shortly there after the Lees went to Fort Monroe. Mary was never happy here. She soon went back to Arlington. Mary hated army life. She would, for the most part, stay at Arlington throughout the rest of Robert's time in the United States Army. The fact that he was separated from his family, and that he was slow to move up in rank, left Lee feeling quite depressed a great deal of

Macroeconomic Analysis of Germany Essays

Macroeconomic Analysis of Germany Essays Macroeconomic Analysis of Germany Essay Macroeconomic Analysis of Germany Essay Its goal was to boost the relatively low economy by stimulating people to spend and consume. However, due to a general Insecurity in the population and the peoples lack of confidence, consumption failed to amplify, as hoped, despite the Increase in disposable income. In addition, despite the Reform, after its implementation, investment also slightly decreased. The lowering of the interest rates by 275 basis points in 2001 increased the money supply and led to a higher consumption, which positively reflected on the GAP growth. However, the lower Interest rates were not able to accelerate Investment and employment. Nevertheless, the Euro appreciated against the US Dollar, which In turn ad a positive influence, as exports and imports maintained their growth. After continuous depreciation of the Euro against the Dollar, up until its all-time low at the end of October 2000, the CB, along with the US and Japanese monetary authorities, intervened and increased the interest rates twice, both by 0,25%. By doing so they could first avoid a threat of an Increase of domestic prices due to inflation and also augment Imports due to the appreciation of the Euro. Furthermore, the skyrocketed foreign direct Investment In 2000 was reduced by 182. 52 billion Euros In 2001 The opening of a single market in 1 993 had an overall positive influence on the German economy, especially in the trade sector, where exports increased by 10,6% until 2002, totaling 660,6 billion Euros.

English Test Options for ESL Students

English Test Options for ESL Students Students need to take English tests, as well as other tests! Of course, learners need to take English tests at school, but they are often required to take English tests such as the TOEFL, IELTS, TOEIC or FCE. In a number of instances, you can decide which English test to take. This guide will help you begin to choose the best English test to take for your English learning needs and goals for both further education and career. Each of the major English tests is discussed and point towards more resources to study and prepare for these all important English tests. To begin with, here are the major tests and their full titles:   TOEFL - Test of English as a Foreign LanguageIELTS - International English Language Testing SystemTOEIC - Test of English for International CommunicationFCE - First Certificate in EnglishCAE - Certificate in   Advanced EnglishBULATS - Business Language Testing Service These English tests are created by two companies that dominate the English learning system word wide: ETS and the University of Cambridge. TOEFL and TOEIC are provided by ETS and IELTS, FCE, CAE, and BULATS are developed by the University of Cambridge. ETS ETS stands for Educational Testing Service. ETS provides the TOEFL and the TOEIC test of English. It is an American company with headquarters in Princeton, New Jersey. ETS tests focus on North American English and computer based. Questions are almost exclusively multiple choice and ask you to choose from four choices based on information you have read, heard or have to deal with in some manner. Writing is also tested on the computer, so if you have difficulties typing you may have difficulties with these questions. Expect North American accents on all listening selections. University of Cambridge The University of Cambridge based in Cambridge, England is responsible for a wide range of English exams. However, the main international tests that are discussed in this overview are the IELTS the FCE and the CAE. For business English, the BULATS is also an option. Currently, the BULATS is not as popular as the other tests, but that may change in the future. The University of Cambridge is a dominate force in the entire English learning world, producing many English learning titles, as well as administering tests. Cambridge exams have a wide variety of question types including multiple choice, gap-fill, matching, etc. You will hear a wider variety of accents on University of Cambridge exams, but they tend towards British English. Your Objective The first and most important question to ask yourself when choosing your English test is: Why do I need to take an English test? Choose from the following for your answer: I need to take an English test for study at UniversityI need to take an English test to get a job or improve my careerI want to improve my overall skills in English, but not necessarily for a purpose such as getting a better job or going to a university Study for University If you need to take an English test for study at a university or in an academic setting you have a few choices. To focus solely on academic English, take the TOEFL or the IELTS academic. Both are used as qualifications for entrance into universities. There are some important differences. Many universities around the world now accept either test, but they are more common in certain countries. TOEFL - Most common exam for study in North American (Canada or United States)IELTS - Most common exam for study in Australia or New Zealand FCE and CAE are more general in nature but are often requested by universities throughout the European Union. If you live in the European Union, the best choice is either the FCE or the CAE. Free TOEFL Exam PreparationFree IELTS Exam PreparationFCE Exam PreparationCAE Exam Preparation Resources Study for Career If career motivations are the most important reason in your choice of English test, take either the TOEIC or the IELTS general test. Both of these tests are requested by many employers and test an understanding of English as used in the workplace, as opposed the academic English which is tested in the TOEFL and IELTS academic. Also, the FCE and CAE are excellent tests for developing overall English language skills in a wide range of areas. If your employer is not specifically asking for the TOEIC or the IELTS general, I would highly recommend considering the FCE or CAE. Free IELTS Exam Preparation General English Improvement If your goal in taking an English test is to improve your overall English, I would highly recommend taking the FCE (First Certificate in English) or, for more advanced learners, the CAE (Certificate in Advanced English). In my years of teaching English, I find these tests to be most representative of English usage skills. They test all aspects of English learning and the English tests themselves are very reflective of how you would use English in everyday life. Special Note: Business English If you have worked for a number of years and want to improve your English skills exclusively for Business purposes, the BULATS exam administered by the University of Cambridge is by far the best choice. For more information from the provider of these tests you can visit the following sites: TOEFL - Test of English as a Foreign Language IELTS - International English Language Testing System TOEIC - Test of English for International Communication FCE - First Certificate in English CAE - Certificate in   Advanced English BULATS - Business Language Testing Service

Plea Bargaining in the United States Criminal Justice System Essay

Plea Bargaining in the United States Criminal Justice System - Essay Example lude reading the charges and allowing the accused to make a plea, which might be stating whether they are guilty, or acceptance through lack of contestation usually referred to as nolo contendere. The nature of plea entered by the defendant implicates the judicial process in several ways, particularly if the course of the proceedings depends on the powers of the prosecutor (Schmalleger, 2011). Plea bargaining involves the agreement between the involved parties, mainly the prosecutor and the defense team to reach a consensus on the plea entered with the authority of the court. It may appear counterproductive for instance to enter a not-guilty plea while the facts before the court indicate that the case will be lost by the defendant. Alternatively, plea bargaining may occur on request of the prosecution if the evidence in the possession of the prosecution does not amount to a case strong enough to defeat the prosecution. In summary, plea bargains control the judicial process to avoid spending of resources and time by engaging in a process that arrive at conclusions that could guide the process if otherwise received in the beginning of the trial. Plea bargaining takes three potential areas of interest for the parties to engage in negotiations, with charge bargaining, sentence bargaining and fact bargaining forming different perspectives for trade-in. This discussion highlights the first two areas of bargaining (charge and sentence) for purposes of differentiating how the negotiations proceed (Schmalleger, Siegel and Worrall, 2011). In terms of charge bargaining, the prosecutor and defense team revisit the particular counts of criminal offences pursued by the prosecution so as to arrive at an agreement founded on the case probabilities. The prosecutor convinces the defendant to enter the guilty plea on lesser charges while other charges are dropped in order to save the process from long undue procedures. As an illustration, the defendant may accept an offer to

Managment and People Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Managment and People - Essay Example These problems are related to team building and could have been avoided if an effective team building strategy was adopted. One of the problems that are very conspicuous in the case study is lack of cohesiveness and coordination in the team processes. According to Tannenbaum, Beard, & Salas (1992), a team process refers to ways in which members of a team interact with each other. In this team, the level of interaction of the members of the team is low. Moreover, the general rules of a team like the rule of accountability and communication protocol do not exist. Therefore, the interconnection between the roles undertaken by some of the members of the team is greatly interfered with resulting in the problem of lack of cohesiveness and coordination in the team processes. Lack of coordination and coherence appears because of the failure of the members of the team to link their activities with the activities of the members of the team. Moreover, appears because of the difference in priorities of the different members of the team. Beatrice prioritizes accuracy of work more than saving time and meeting the deadline. Bill and Ben give more priority in meeting the deadline. In this case, the team leader has been effective in making the team members play their roles to their level best. Moreover, he had failed to clarify roles and set an effective communication line between the members of the team. This is what has made the activities of the embers to fail to interconnect thus resulting in lack of coordination and coherence. Every teamwork problem is avoidable and soluble through the employment of proper team building techniques. The problem of lack of cohesiveness and coordination could have been avoided in several ways. Team building approach used in this case study is the roles approach. This seems to have contributed to this identified problem. This is because of its ineffectiveness, especially when used in a place  where roles might conflict. Therefore, this problem could have been avoided by using another team building approach to the goal setting approach or the problem-solving approach. Moreover, the problem could have been avoided or resolved by a continuous evaluation of the proceeding of the team.

The Characters Metamorphoses In Shakespeare’s Tempest-Universe Essays

The Characters' Metamorphoses In Shakespeare’s Tempest-Universe In the play The Tempest, Shakespeare provides a unique and alternate universe for his characters to function in on the magical island. In this universe there are both native characters: Prospero, Miranda, Ariel, and Caliban, who have lived on the island previously, and external world characters, namely: Alonso, Ferdinand, Antonio, Sebastian, Stephano, Trinculo, and Gonzalo, who have been forced upon the island. While the different characters' histories cross paths in the past, the clear and present division between the two groups' immediate situation represents the division in their differing kind of spiritual journey. That is, while the natives seek rejuvenation from isolation outward, the shipwrecked characters seek rejuvenation from the outside world inward, on an island of solitude. As David Bevington notes in the introduction to the Bantam edition of the text: Shakespeare creates in The Tempest an idealized world of imagination, a place of magical rejuvenation like the forests of A Midsummer Night's Dream and As You Like It. Yet the journey is no escape from reality, for the island shows men what they are and what they ought to be. Even its location juxtaposes "real" world with idealized landscape: like Plato's New Atlantis or Thomas More's Utopia, Shakespeare's island is to be found both somewhere and nowhere. (xvii) In this Tempest-universe Prospero rules as a kind of artist-king, creator, and magician. Invested with these qualities he represents the God-figure of the universe, effecting change in others, while consistently demonstrating God-like qualities in himself: the ability to perform miracles, grace, and forgiveness. Ul... ...and Dreamworks, 2000. -Eliot, T.S. The Complete Poems and Plays. New York: Harcourt Brace & Company, 1980. -Howse, Ernest Marshall. Spiritual Values in Shakespeare. New York: Abingdon Press, 1955. -Hunter, Robert Grams. Shakespeare and the Comedy of Forgiveness. New York: Columiba University Press, 1966. -Knight, G. Wilson. Myth and Miracle: An Essay on the Mystic Symbolism of Shakepeare. London: Ed. J. Burrow & Co., LTD., 1929. -Shakespeare, William. The Norton Shakespeare: As You Like It. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1997. -Shakespeare, William. The Norton Shakespeare: Hamlet. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1997. -Shakespeare, William. The Norton Shakespeare: Macbeth. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1997. -West, Robert H. Ceremonial Magic in The Tempest. Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press, 1964.

Mister

Of Bunt is practiced and why it is of benefit to the community. You may also mention the challenges to Bunt in this modern era. ‘Bunt is an African word for a universal concept. Bunt is the potential for being human, to value the good of the community above self interest. Bunt is to strive to help people in the spirit of service, to show respect to others and to be honest and trustworthy, are the words of Kevin Chaplin.Moreover, Bunt is second nature to us Africans, hence the fact that a number of us have not heard of it but practice it. In addition, the Mama community found in Iambi can be thought of as a perfect example of Bunt practitioners. Firstly, when looking at a typical settlement inhibited by the Mama people it would come across to you that they are one big family but most of them are not related through blood ties, which contradicts the observation of how they live together.In continuance, adults consider the children of their neighbors as their own as they let them eat and drink in the same plates and ups with their children and this simple and kind gesture teaches all the children the value of sharing which is one of the fundamental outlined in the concept of Bunt. Furthermore, these children grow up to be positive additions to the community and the nation.Dry Johann Broody at a conference said†My neighbor's sorrow Is my sorrow' (2006), which is another key concept when dealing with Bunt, as sorrow Is an obstacle which everyone has to go through and It usually comes In the form of death, Illness or other hurtful events. And when neighbors are struck by sorrow, the members of the community would never live those Individuals to mourn In solitude, they would mourn and weep with them as they are also touched by what has effected their neighbor. Moreover, this act signifies unity and the bond among the community members solidifies.On the other hand, Joy Is also shared because happiness Is only true once It Is shared with others and smiling a nd laughing about certain matters Is also another mall point of Bunt and that decreases tension teen Individuals which In turn means that there will be less violence. â€Å"To be Inhumane Is to be Like an animal† (Broody, 2006), humanness Is the very essence of Bunt and the manner In which one greets another Is a very delicate matter when It comes to the Mama people as one should greet others heartily and enquire In depth and the greatest detail about the other person's well being before anything else Is said or done.In addition, It Is also a sign of respect which Is very Important In a immunity and the Interest shown In the others life also strengthens the bond the community members have. Lastly, the thought of being helped out by another person In the light of today Is frowned upon because It Is considered as If you one Is lazy or parasitic. Moreover, the world thrives more on competition among people more than It did 20 years ago and sharing Ideas and resources does not ex ist anymore. Virtually, Bunt Is a beautiful concept of lifestyle, so much so that businesses have adopted It but In the modern era It Is considered more of a cliche than It Is a Mister The origin of the expression â€Å"Ladles First† has a very strange story, that as most people says. The story states that In eighteenth century In Italy, there was a son of a king falling in love with a very poor girl from the people of the kingdom. He faced a huge rejection from his kingdom family. The worst thing he ever faced Is the true love they had between. For the love they shared the son of the king and the poor girl they TLD want anything to destroy their love except death, so they decided to die gather.For that they decided to Jump over the edge from a very high climb. They went to the climb, the poor girl wanted to Jump first, but the son of the king can't handle to see her Jump from there. So he decided to Jump first, after he Jumped the poor girl couldn't handle the scene, so she changed her mind and decided not to lump. The poor girl came back to the village and married a poor guy same as her. This story shows that the women betrayal can't be compared to anythin g else. The girl betrayal her love for not dying; since that time the expression used as extend omen for making sure the woman will never betrayal the rest.After a while different meaning came upon â€Å"Ladies First† expression. Later on the expression had been used as a manner of a gentleman to show the morality of humanity from gentleman to ladies. This manner had been used as making the lady at first because as it known ladies are the spirit of this life, or as I can say it. In my opinion this expression are being used a lot when love is there, also when there is a specific business between a business man and a businesswoman as respect.The manners of immunity shows to us how we are human, it is always came by the heart with the use of mind. We respect each other for the difference in age, gender, cleverness, and a lot. The point of the use of â€Å"Ladies First† expression in respect is to make ladies ahead of us all the time recognition of her gender. Women are mo re sensitive and they always full of emotions. Men can't control her emotions and feelings, so we always prefer to make her the best out of the emotions and feelings she has that men doesn't have. The reality of emotion is controlled by the heart, not the mind.Most of the people can use a very small percentage of their mind to show their feelings and emotions; but at the end what controls the emotions Is the heart. Let's start over and let us see why we are discussing about the emotion while our mall point Is the expression â€Å"Ladles First† The reason behind that man has emotions over women, and that emotion goes to show our respect and our feeling upon that women. When men want to show that, they use the expression Ladles First to hide their Maximum. [email  protected] Com happiness of their real emotion from the woman. Mister Brazil It is almost impossible to consider any part of the Brazilian culture without considering Christianity. It Is the dominant religion of Brazil and reflects every aspect of Brazilian way of life: Beliefs, Politics, Economy, National Holidays, Medal reports, festive and community In general. In this essay I will try to focus on the lesser-known aspects and facts of Christianity embedded In the Brazilian culture. Brazil has a population of over 200 million habitants and one of the largest numbers of Catholics in the world .In 1970, 90% of Brazilian consider themselves Catholic but in 2010 his number has reduced to 65%2. The decreased of members of the Roman Catholic Church has been caused by the increase of Neo-Pentecostal churches and Afro- Brazilian religions. The greatest shift has been to evangelical Protestantism which now represents over 22% of the population. Brazil has many versions of Protestantism, most common are: the Fundamentalists, Baptists, Presbyterian and Methodis ts.Marx – Beliefs – Politics – Economics If we compare the decline of Catholicism and economic transformation of Brazilian society, we could reaffirm the work of Max Weeper's In the book â€Å"The Protestant Work Ethic and the Split of Capitalism. In the sass's the vast majority of Brazilian where Catholic, the economy was weak and the working class population were mainly agrarian. With the evolution of society into industrialized, second millennium, the number of protestant have increased, the economy improved a level that has become a world leader.According to Weber, it is much more than just a change of production processes, but also, a change in mentality. This change from Catholicism to Protestantism is â€Å"expressed socially with civic model and self-governance†4, taken lace with economic stability; people take their lives into their own hands and to an extent free themselves from the central government economy and society. Geographic similaritie s with Weeper's European analysis where it is true to say, the major concentration of Catholics are in the poorest are warmest-sunnier part while the Protestant are established In the Southern (cooler-climate) part of the country.The Power of the Catholic Church remain very strong Into Brazilian legislation. Examples can be seen in issues regarding abortion: Weeper's religion-shift is affirmed by the Brazilian political scenario. From 1964 to 1 985 (perhaps when the Catholicism was at its peak), the Brazilian government was ruled by an authoritarian military dictatorships. Political parties such as The Christian Democratic Party (PDP) were banned by the military regime and it was re-created shortly after the fall of the military regimen. In Weeper's view; people want to be involved in politics.Coincidently, today with larger number of Protestants, Brazilian political system is done via a rather democratic voting system; with elections held every 4 years and vote is impulsion for all citizens between 18 and 70 years old. Heroes' plays Important parts of Brazilian Christianity with 57% followers believing In saints. The most popular Include pilgrimages to the National Shrine of Our Lady of Senora Appareled where 26% among Catholics pray for the Intercession. According to the legend, In 1717, three fishermen were having bad luck in catching fish for an important festival lots of fish.Because of that and many other miracles attributed to the image, in 1737 a chapel was built and in 1745 public visits began. In 1930 the statue was proclaimed o be the principal patroness of Brazil. Over the years, the number of worshippers to Lady of Senora Apartheid increased and the chapel received two main enlargements, the latest in 1980 when it was considered the largest Marina temple and the second largest Basilica in the worlds. In addition to that, in the same year the Brazilian Federal Statute declared a National holiday named as the â€Å"Feast Day of Our Lady Apartheidâ €  to be held in each year in October 12.Another traditional pilgrimage date that attracts about 8 million pilgrims a year to the Chapel is the Brazilian Independence Day, September 7. Others popular Saints are: Saint Anthony, Saint Expedites, Saint George, Saint Jude, Saint Francis of Chassis and Saint Josephus. Rituals = The Catholicism practiced in Brazil is full of popular festivities rooted in centuries-old Portuguese traditions. Popular traditions include Christmas, Easter Sunday, Good Friday and â€Å"Fests Jungian† Noun Festival). â€Å"Fests Jungian† is a Catholic feast celebrated in the name of Saint Anthony, Saint John the Baptist, and Saint Peter.The festivities are extremely popular in all urban areas and among all social classes ND lasts around two weeks in Jejunely. In many parts of the country, they are as popular as Carnival; and like Carnival, these festivities involve costume-wearing, dancing, drinking, and visual spectacles. June festival is an i mportant Brazilian festival because the retail, commerce and non-governmental (Nags) industry; shops, bars, restaurants, churches and charities develop marketing plans promoting their parties and events. Churches and No's proceeds are usually redirected to local, most-needed members of community.Values = In business, Brazilian tend to ‘deal' tit individuals, not companies. Brazilian businessmen will usually get to know one another before committing to long-term business dealings. Therefore, you will need to establish a trusting relationship with them if you wish to gain their business. It is important that you do not try to rush them into making decisions or forming relationships 2. Manicures for women and formal dress for both sexes are expected within corporate situations Socially, Brazilian are usually rather affectionate, tactile people. Men shake hands with one another, while women will kiss each other's' weeks in greeting.One of the Catholic-Christian-based and culture- representative- values is repeatedly yearly during the world largest and most famous Brazilian Carnival. The annual festive is held officially over four-day period prior to â€Å"Ash Wednesday' marking the forty-day erred before Easter. Carnival themes range from religious, political and economic commentaries. Carnival can be consider a way that the mass-population can express (demonstrate their views) in a sarcastic, without fear of political fear of retaliation. In a party mood, meaning and double-meaning assuages is passed â€Å"without notice† of ruling power of politics and church.Wear crucifixes, to have a Christmas tree and Virgin Mary and Christ statues are key symbols that represent the Brazilian dept into Christianity. Christianity has such great impact in the Brazilian values that is the â€Å"Christ of Redeem† in ROI De Jeanine was voted as â€Å"One the Seven Wonders of the World†. The Christ of Redeem is probably one of the most popular symbols ac ross the country. In most cities, the main church (Cathedrals) holds that symbol. For example, the city where I am from, America, with a total height of 23. 80 meters 3. Mister It was marred by several challenges, such as; weak human resource, reports of alleged anti-competitive behavior in form of abuse of the dominant position and poor infrastructure among others thus creating the need for liberation's. The vaporization of this industry broadly aimed at improving the spread and affordability of modern and quality telecommunication services and this was to be achieved by encouraging participation of private investors in the development of the industry, expanding the variety of communication services available in Uganda among others.Currently, liberalizing as led to the establishment of a well-managed industry with new operators. From around 2002, the CIT developments in the country began to improve rapidly, marked by some regulations. There has been increased competition among players which has positively affected the quality of services provided and increased coverage nationwide among others. This has also resulted in reduction in service prices though th ey still among the highest in the whole Africa. Therefore this evaluation will focus on assessing the impact of liberation of the telecommunication industry.For the purpose of this evaluation, the following definitions used; 1. 1 Description of the telecommunications Industry in Uganda A telecommunications service is taken to be the relaying of messages of any form (voice or data) over communication infrastructure between a sender and a receiver. (Uganda Communications Uganda can be categorized into the following; Voice telephony: This comprises local, national (long-distance), and international calls. The two technologies employed in Uganda for providing these services are fixed-line (landlines and fixed-wireless) and mobile cellular (wireless) among others.Fixed-Line; this is further subdivided into two categories as; Landlines services: A landlines network – also referred to as a Public Switched Telephone Network (EST.) – connects all customers through a series of t ransmission and distribution lines. Telephone exchanges move calls throughout the network. Fixed wireless, fixed wireless technologies provide telecommunications service without the use of wires or cable. This includes payphone booths, the predominant fixed wireless service in Uganda.While other versions of this technology including very high frequency Wireless Local Loop and point-to-point microwave arrives, have been successfully deployed in rural areas in several developing countries, they are only recently being adopted in Uganda. Mobile Cellular; this is a combination of wireless voice telephony with mobility. All mobile cellular service in Uganda is based on the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) technology. GSM has become the dominant technology worldwide for digital wireless telecommunications. Con One Research, Inc. N association with SEG 51 Data; data Services in Uganda generally refer to fax, Internet Access and virtual private networks (VPN). More enhanced and data-intensive services such as video- nonfreezing are not commonly available. Fixed line landlines services; consumers with access to landlines voice telephony have narrowed (beginning at speeds of 9. 6 Kbps or 14. 4 Kbps and upwards to 33. 6) data services through dial-up. Fixed wireless; this service requires a stationary terminal at the customer premise connecting to the service provider through airwaves (point-to-point microwave or spread spectrum).Mobile operators in Uganda are using their GSM networks to provide fixed wireless data services in some areas. Narrowed (generally not exceeding 9. 6 Kbps) data services are available in this way. High speed fixed wireless services (64 Kbps and 128 Kbps) are available in Kampala using frequency hopping spread spectrum technologies. This service is being used by operators and their customers to create VPN for large businesses with several offices in Kampala. Mobile Cellular; mobile cellular offerings in data currently include 9. 6 Kb ps or 14. 4 Kbps transmission, mainly for SMS (short messaging service).There has been some Internet access, but speeds are slow. Higher generation mobile cellular data services such as GAPS, EDGE, and G services are not available. Very small aperture terminal (VAST); VAST service sends ND receives data (and voice) transmission to and from satellite earth stations. The satellites are incorporated into global telecommunications networks and provide satellite-based communications to geographically dispersed locations in Uganda and throughout the world. Customers pay for VAST equipment located at their premises and also pay service provider fees. 3. Value Added Services Payphones; these are fixed-line, UN-staffed stations available to the public. They accept either coins or phone cards as payment. In rural areas, they normally appear in trading centers. Phone sharing; this is the service of providing an owned (most often mobile cellular) phone to customers for a fee. It's essentially a very short-term rental service. Because it is often not economical. Particularly in rural areas, for residential users to own phones, this has become a very popular service in Uganda, and has taken on a wide variety of forms.Computer sharing; this is the service of providing computer terminals with access to the Internet. The most popular form is the cyber cafe ©, which often provides not only computers and Internet access, but also additional products and services such as food, fax, entertainment and even computer training. Many cyber cafe ©s have recently emerged in Uganda, mostly in Kampala. FM Radio; this is a form of non-interactive CIT that is particularly important for reaching out to rural residents, particularly those unable to access other services. More than 100 stations have become established in Uganda.Many of these are local language stations based in small urban centers, but with primarily rural coverage, providing a range of information important to the poor suc h as health education, family planning, commodity prices in local markets, civic education, etc. They incorporate an interesting mix of private, immunity, Non-Government Organization and donor sponsors. Television; this is also a form of non-interactive CIT that is used to transmit moving visual media. Televisions are used to view various subscriptions and non- subscription based programming, movies (via an additional media player).Television stations have increased from the one TV- CITY to over ten stations though most of them are operated in urban areas rural areas get good transmission of some them. Solutions and add-ones; this is the service of improving the functionality of core services by assistance, training, problem solving and the layering of additional features onto a ore service (e. G. , dial-up connectivity to an ISP, network security, web and mail hosting, etc. ). This is not yet a big market in Uganda, it is predominantly in urban centers.However; with the liberation' s in Uganda, an operator of such telecommunications services must obtain either one or all of the following service licenses; Public Service Provider (SSP) License, Public Voice and Data License, Capacity Resale License, Public Infrastructure Provider License (PIP) and a General License. And these are provided by the Uganda Communications Commission 1. 2 The Objectives of Impact Evaluation Development Assessment Committee (DACCA-COED, 2001) defines impact evaluation as the positive and negative primary and secondary, long term effects produced by a development intervention.This may be direct or indirect as well as intended or unintended. This should be informed by clear and realistic objectives. Therefore, the objectives of the impact evaluation of the liberation's of the telecommunications industry in Uganda shall be informed by the following objectives. 1. 2. 1 Overall objective of Impact Evaluation The overall objective of the Impact Evaluation (E) of the liberation's of electrif ication industry in Uganda is â€Å"To establish the impact of liberalizing following specific objectives. 1. 2. 2 The Specific Objectives 1 .To assess the impact of liberalizing of the telecommunication sector in Uganda on the expansion of national coverage of communication services and products 2. To establish the impact of liberalizing of the telecommunication industry on the pricing and quality of services provided by the industry in Uganda 3. To establish the effect of liberalizing of the telecommunication industry on direct and indirect funding by government to the sector 4. To assess the effect of liberation of the telecommunication industry on the level of innovation in the industry. . 3 The Hypothesis The following assumptions have been advanced to determine the above objectives. These include; 1 . Liberation of the telecommunication industry has greatly impacted on the expansion of national coverage of communication services and products 2. Liberation of the telecommunica tion industry has had a positive impact on pricing and quality of services provided by the industry in Uganda? 3. Liberation of the telecommunication industry has positively affected direct and indirect budgetary allocation by government to the sector 4.Liberation of the telecommunication industry has to a great extent affected the level of innovation in the industry. 1. 4 The Theory of Change The achievement of the programmer impact will be based on the following theory of change as illustrated in the diagram below. 1. 5 Evaluation Questions: 1 . How has the liberation of the telecommunication sector impacted on the expansion of national coverage of communication services and products? 2. What impact has the liberation of the telecommunication industry had on the pricing ND quality of services provided by the industry in Uganda? . What effect has the liberalizing of the telecommunication industry had on direct and indirect funding by government to the sector? 4. To what extent has liberation of the telecommunication industry affected the level of innovation in the industry? The Logic Model 1 . Percentage coverage of telecommunication infrastructure nationwide 2. Proportion of households with access to telecommunication services 3. Proportion of households with access to uninterrupted connection time and service 4. Proportion of budgetary allocation to the telecommunication industry 5.Percentage of increase in innovation in the telecommunication industry 1. 7 The Evaluation Design and Method The evaluation will adopt both quantitative and qualitative approaches. However, more emphasis will be put on the qualitative approach which provides in-depth and reliable information that will be used to explain quantitative findings. Nevertheless, it has its own shortcomings for example generalization cannot be done using qualitative data. This limitation will be catered for by the quantitative method.With regards to the evaluation design, the evaluation will adopt the n on-experimental sign taking on the longitudinal design in particular which will be carried out after every three years. The non-experimental design also known as descriptive designs was selected because it provides an extensive description of the relationship between an intervention and its effects which will greatly suit the evaluation to be undertaken. In particular, the propensity score matching evaluation method will also be used adopted.This will involve the creation of the best possible artificial comparison groups by matching large data sets and heavy statistical techniques. With this, for each unit in the treatment group and in the pool of non-enrolled units, the probability that a unit will enroll in a program based on observed values will be computed. Once the propensity score is computed then the units in the treatment group will be matched with units in the pool of non-enrollees that have the closest propensity score. The difference in outcome between the treatment or en rolled units and their matched comparison units will produce the estimated impact of the program.The Sampling method/technique With regards to the sampling technique, the evaluation will use both probability and UT the study population and these include; (I) Purposive sampling; this will be used by the evaluator to identify key respondents that have information on the topic being evaluated and this information will be used to enrich the evaluation. Also, Purposive sampling will be used to select 2 districts from each clustered region using population density as the basis where we will select one district from each region with a high population density and one with a low population density.Cluster sampling; using cluster sampling, the evaluator will be able to cluster the area under valuation which is the whole country into 7 regions which are; the central, western, southwestern, Eastern, North Eastern, West Nile, and Northern region. The same sampling method will also be used to clu ster the selected districts into 5 supervision areas. (iii) Lot quality sampling (LOS); the sampling method will be used to cluster the selected districts into 5 supervision areas as recommended by the LOS method where, a sample of 19 households as recommended by LOS will be selected from each of the purposively selected districts.This according to the LOS method gives the highest confidence level. ‘v) Simple random and systematic random sampling; simple random sampling will be used to randomly select the first interview location, thereafter; systematic sampling will be adopted to sample subsequent households that will participate in the survey from the random number table. Sampling procedure Since the study is covering the whole country, the evaluator will cluster the districts into 7 regions. These include the Central, Western, Southwestern, Eastern, North Eastern, West Nile, and Northern region.Multi-stage cluster approach will be adopted and two districts purposively selec ted from each region. In particular, two districts will be selected from each region basing on the population density where districts with the highest and lowest population densities will be purposively selected to determine the level coverage in the two scenarios. Five supervision areas will be identified from each district. This will involve combining parishes to form five supervision areas in case of districts with less or more sub-counties.A total 19 samples will be drawn from each supervision area and samples drawn at parish level. The cumulative population of the district will be divided by the sample number f households (19) as recommended by the LOS method which will give the sample interval. When this is obtained, the obtained sample interval will be used to identify the first household from the random table where a value will be read and used to compare to the listed household list. To then get the subsequent interview or household the evaluator will add the sample interva l to the first identified listed household.The Sample Size For the survey technique, the sample population which are the households will be selected from the 7 regions mentioned above where from each district a total of 95 should will be sampled that is 19 households from each of the 5 clustered supervision areas. In all, a total of 1,330 households will be sampled to participate in the evaluation. 1. 8 Evaluation data collection Methods The evaluation will use both primary and secondary sources. The primary sources will mainly involve field data collection whereas secondary data will be obtained from review of published documents.In particular, the following methods will be used; administered to households that will be systematically selected to participate in the evaluation. Development of the questionnaire will involve all the relevant parties who ill identify important issues to be covered in the evaluation. Key Informant Interviews; this will be done face to face with purposive ly selected respondents that are knowledgeable about the liberalizing of the telecommunication industry. It will provide sufficient descriptive information and will be carried out using a short interview guide.Recording: this will be used to record responses provided by the purposively selected key informants. The recordings will then be transcribed into notes which will be used in the analysis process. Documentation; the evaluator will include data from various published sources or documents. In doing this, the evaluator will first try to verify to ensure that data to be used in the evaluation was properly collected with accuracy Observation; there will be observation made with regards to confirming whether cables have been laid to confirm responses provided like infrastructure in form of for example optic cables, network availability and so on. . 9 Data Processing, Analysis and Reporting For the quantitative approach, this process will involve; organizing data, calculating and int erpreting the data obtained. The evaluator will begin by organizing all questionnaires to check for completeness, accuracy and assign a unique identifier to each questionnaire. The evaluator will then go on to define the correct responses and then code them accordingly.Once this is done, data will be entered in to computer; analyses using the SPAS package and calculations will be made to describe the raw data where measures of central tendency will mainly be used to determine performance of each indicator. The information will then be interpreted and presented using tabulations, maps, pie- charts and so on. For qualitative approach, analysis of evaluation data will begin from the field where arioso observation and analytical insights will be noted and unclear responses clarified.This data will then be safely stored. Once the evaluator leaves the field, the collected data will be read and themes, categories identified and coding done. From this, data will then present in an evaluatio n report which will be disseminated to various stakeholders. 1. 10 Ethical Considerations The process of impact evaluation requires guidance and adherence to ethical standards of the utmost importance. The evaluation team will ensure strict adherence to these standards including. In particular, the following will be observed;